Chapter IV

Fundamental Rights

Section 33

1. Every person has a right to life, and no one shall be deprived intentionally of his life, save in execution of the sentence of a court in respect of a criminal offence of which he has been found guilty in Nigeria

2. A person shall not be regarded as having been deprived of his life in contravention of this section, if he dies as a result of the use, to such extent and in such circumstances as are permitted by law, of such force as is reasonably necessary -

• (a) for the defence of any person from unlawful violence or for the defence of property:

• (b) in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained; or

• (c) for the purpose of suppressing a riot, insurrection or mutiny

Section 34

1. Every individual is entitled to respect for the dignity of his person, and accordingly -

• (a) no person shall be subject to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment;

• (b) no person shall he held in slavery or servitude; and

• (c) no person shall be required to perform forced of compulsory labour

1. for the purposes of subsection (1) (c) of this section, "forced or compulsory labour" does not include -

• (a) any labour required in consequence of the sentence or order of a court;

• (b) any labour required of members of the armed forces of the Federation or the Nigeria Police Force in pursuance of their duties as such;

• (c) in the case of persons who have conscientious objections to service in the armed forces of the Federation, any labour required instead of such service;

• (d) any labour required which is reasonably necessary in the event of any emergency or calamity threatening the life or well-being of the community; or

• (e) any labour or service that forms part of -

  • (i) normal communal or other civic obligations of the well-being of the community

  • (ii) such compulsory national service in the armed forces of the Federation as may be prescribed by an Act of the National Assembly, or

  • (iii) such compulsory national service which forms part of the education and training of citizens of Nigeria as may be prescribed by an Act of the National Assembly

Section 35

1. Every person shall be entitled to his personal liberty and no person shall be deprived of such liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure permitted by law -

• (a) in execution of the sentence or order of a court in respect of a criminal offence of which he has been found guilty;

• (b) by reason of his failure to comply with the order of a court or in order to secure the fulfilment of any obligation imposed upon him by law;

• (c) for the purpose of bringing him before a court in execution of the order of a court or upon reasonable suspicion of his having committed a criminal offence, or to such extent as may be reasonably necessary to prevent his committing a criminal offence;

• (d) in the case of a person who has not attained the age of eighteen years for the purpose of his education or welfare;

• (e) in the case of persons suffering from infectious or contagious disease, persons of unsound mind, persons addicted to drugs or alcohol or vagrants, for the purpose of their care or treatment or the protection of the community; or

• (f) for the purpose of preventing the unlawful entry of any person into Nigeria or of effecting the expulsion, extradition or other lawful removal from Nigeria of any person or the taking of proceedings relating thereto: Provided that a person who is charged with an offence and who has been detained in lawful custody awaiting trial shall not continue to be kept in such detention for a period longer than the maximum period of imprisonment prescribed for the offence

1. Any person who is arrested or detained shall have the right to remain silent or avoid answering any question until after consultation with a legal practitioner or any other person of his own choice

2. Any person who is arrested or detained shall be informed in writing within twenty-four hours (and in a language that he understands) of the facts and grounds for his arrest or detention

3. Any person who is arrested or detained in accordance with subsection (1) (c) of this section shall be brought before a court of law within a reasonable time, and if he is not tried within a period of -

• (a) two months from the date of his arrest or detention in the case of a person who is in custody or is not entitled to bail; or

• (b) three months from the date of his arrest or detention in the case of a person who has been released on bail, he shall (without prejudice to any further proceedings that may be brought against him) be released either unconditionally or upon such conditions as are reasonably necessary to ensure that he appears for trial at a later date

1. In subsection (4) of this section, the expression "a reasonable time" means -

• (a) in the case of an arrest or detention in any place where there is a court of competent jurisdiction within a radius of forty kilometres, a period of one day; and

• (b) in any other case, a period of two days or such longer period as in the circumstances may be considered by the court to be reasonable

1. Any person who is unlawfully arrested or detained shall be entitled to compensation and public apology from the appropriate authority or person; and in this subsection, "the appropriate authority or person" means an authority or person specified by law

2. Nothing in this section shall be construed -

• (a) in relation to subsection (4) of this section, as applying in the case of a person arrested or detained upon reasonable suspicion of having committed a capital offence; and

• (b) as invalidating any law by reason only that it authorises the detention for a period not exceeding three months of a member of the armed forces of the federation or a member of the Nigeria Police Force in execution of a sentence imposed by an officer of the armed forces of the Federation or of the Nigeria police force, in respect of an offence punishable by such detention of which he has been found guilty

Section 36

1. In the determination of his civil rights and obligations, including any question or determination by or against any government or authority, a person shall be entitled to a fair hearing within a reasonable time by a court or other tribunal established by law and constituted in such manner as to secure its independence and impartiality

2. Without prejudice to the foregoing provisions of this section, a law shall not be invalidated by reason only that it confers on any government or authority power to determine questions arising in the administration of a law that affects or may affect the civil rights and obligations of any person if such law -

• (a) provides for an opportunity for the persons whose rights and obligations may be affected to make representations to the administering authority before that authority makes the decision affecting that person; and

• (b) contains no provision making the determination of the administering authority final and conclusive

1. The proceedings of a court or the proceedings of any tribunal relating to the matters mentioned in subsection (1) of this section (including the announcement of the decisions of the court or tribunal) shall be held in public

2. Whenever any person is charged with a criminal offence, he shall, unless the charge is withdrawn, be entitled to a fair hearing in public within a reasonable time by a court or tribunal: Provided that -

• (a) a court or such a tribunal may exclude from its proceedings persons other than the parties thereto or their legal practitioners in the interest of defence, public safety, public order, public morality, the welfare of persons who have not attained the age of eighteen years, the protection of the private lives of the parties or to such extent as it may consider necessary by reason of special circumstances in which publicity would be contrary to the interests of justice;

• (b) if in any proceedings before a court or such a tribunal, a Minister of the Government of the Federation or a commissioner of the government of a State satisfies the court or tribunal that it would not be in the public interest for any matter to be publicly disclosed, the court or tribunal shall make arrangements for evidence relating to that matter to be heard in private and shall take such other action as may be necessary or expedient to prevent the disclosure of the matter

1. Every person who is charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed to be innocent until he is proved guilty; Provided that nothing in this section shall invalidate any law by reason only that the law imposes upon any such person the burden of proving particular facts

2. Every person who is charged with a criminal offence shall be entitled to -

• (a) be informed promptly in the language that he understands and in detail of the nature of the offence;

• (b) be given adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence;

• (c) defend himself in person or by legal practitioners of his own choice;

• (d) examine, in person or by his legal practitioners, the witnesses called by the prosecution before any court or tribunal and obtain the attendance and carry out the examination of witnesses to testify on his behalf before the court or tribunal on the same conditions as those applying to the witnesses called by the prosecution; and

• (e) have, without payment, the assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand the language used at the trial of the offence

1. When any person is tried for any criminal offence, the court or tribunal shall keep a record of the proceedings and the accused person or any persons authorised by him in that behalf shall be entitled to obtain copies of the judgement in the case within seven days of the conclusion of the case

2. No person shall be held to be guilty of a criminal offence on account of any act or omission that did not, at the time it took place, constitute such an offence, and no penalty shall be imposed for any criminal offence heavier than the penalty in force at the time the offence was committed

3. No person who shows that he has been tried by any court of competent jurisdiction or tribunal for a criminal offence and either convicted or acquitted shall again be tried for that offence or for a criminal offence having the same ingredients as that offence save upon the order of a superior court

(10) No person who shows that he has been pardoned for a criminal offence shall again be tried for that offence

(11) No person who is tried for a criminal offence shall be compelled to give evidence at the trial

(12) Subject as otherwise provided by this Constitution, a person shall not be convicted of a criminal offence unless that offence is defined and the penalty therefor is prescribed in a written law, and in this subsection, a written law refers to an Act of the National Assembly or a Law of a State, any subsidiary legislation or instrument under the provisions of a law

Section 37

The privacy of citizens, their homes, correspondence, telephone conversations and telegraphic communications is hereby guaranteed and protected

Section 38

1. Every person shall be entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, including freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom (either alone or in community with others, and in public or in private) to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance

2. No person attending any place of education shall be required to receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend any religious ceremony or observance if such instruction ceremony or observance relates to a religion other than his own, or religion not approved by his parent or guardian

3. No religious community or denomination shall be prevented from providing religious instruction for pupils of that community or denomination in any place of education maintained wholly by that community or denomination

4. Nothing in this section shall entitle any person to form, take part in the activity or be a member of a secret society

Section 39

1. Every person shall be entitled to freedom of expression, including freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart ideas and information without interference

2. Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1) of this section, every person shall be entitled to own, establish and operate any medium for the dissemination of information, ideas and opinions: Provided that no person, other than the Government of the Federation or of a State or any other person or body authorised by the President on the fulfilment of conditions laid down by an Act of the National Assembly, shall own, establish or operate a television or wireless broadcasting station for, any purpose whatsoever

3. Nothing in this section shall invalidate any law that is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society -

• (a) for the purpose of preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, maintaining the authority and independence of courts or regulating telephony, wireless broadcasting, television or the exhibition of cinematograph films; or

• (b) imposing restrictions upon persons holding office under the Government of the Federation or of a State, members of the armed forces of the Federation or members of the Nigeria Police Force or other Government security services or agencies established by law

Section 40

Every person shall be entitled to assemble freely and associate with other persons, and in particular he may form or belong to any political party, trade union or any other association for the protection of his interests:   Provided that the provisions of this section shall not derogate from the powers conferred by this Constitution on the Independent National Electoral Commission with respect to political parties to which that Commission does not accord recognition

1. Every person shall be entitled to freedom of expression, including freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart ideas and information without interference.

2. Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1) of this section, every person shall be entitled to own, establish and operate any medium for the dissemination of information, ideas and opinions: Provided that no person, other than the Government of the Federation or of a State or any other person or body authorised by the President on the fulfilment of conditions laid down by an Act of the National Assembly, shall own, establish or operate a television or wireless broadcasting station for, any purpose whatsoever.

3. Nothing in this section shall invalidate any law that is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society -

• (a) for the purpose of preventing the disclosure. of information received in confidence, maintaining the authority and independence of courts or regulating telephony, wireless broadcasting, television or the exhibition of cinematograph films; or

• (b) imposing restrictions upon persons holding office under the Government of the Federation or of a State, members of the armed forces of the Federation or members of the Nigeria Police Force or other Government security services or agencies established by law.

Section 41

1. Every citizen of Nigeria is entitled to move freely throughout Nigeria and to reside in any part thereof, and no citizen of Nigeria shall be expelled from Nigeria or refused entry thereby or exit therefrom

2. Nothing in subsection (1) of this section shall invalidate any law that is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society-

• (a) imposing restrictions on the residence or movement of any person who has committed or is reasonably suspected to have committed a criminal offence in order to prevent him from leaving Nigeria; or

• (b) providing for the removal of any person from Nigeria to any other country to:-

  • (i) be tried outside Nigeria for any criminal offence, or

  • (ii) undergo imprisonment outside Nigeria in execution of the sentence of a court of law in respect of a criminal offence of which he has been found guilty: Provided that there is reciprocal agreement between Nigeria and such other country in relation to such matter

Section 42

1. A citizen of Nigeria of a particular community, ethnic group, place of origin, sex, religion or political opinion shall not, by reason only that he is such a person:-

• (a) be subjected either expressly by, or in the practical application of, any law in force in Nigeria or any executive or administrative action of the government, to disabilities or restrictions to which citizens of Nigeria of other communities, ethnic groups, places of origin, sex, religions or political opinions are not made subject; or

• (b) be accorded either expressly by, or in the practical application of, any law in force in Nigeria or any such executive or administrative action, any privilege or advantage that is not accorded to citizens of Nigeria of other communities, ethnic groups, places of origin, sex, religions or political opinions

1. No citizen of Nigeria shall be subjected to any disability or deprivation merely by reason of the circumstances of his birth

2. Nothing in subsection (1) of this section shall invalidate any law by reason only that the law imposes restrictions with respect to the appointment of any person to any office under the State or as a member of the armed forces of the Federation or member of the Nigeria Police Forces or to an office in the service of a body, corporate established directly by any law in force in Nigeria

Section 43

Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, every citizen of Nigeria shall have the right to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria.

Section 44

1. No moveable property or any interest in an immovable property shall be taken possession of compulsorily and no right over or interest in any such property shall be acquired compulsorily in any part of Nigeria except in the manner and for the purposes prescribed by a law that, among other things -

• (a) requires the prompt payment of compensation therefore and

• (b) gives to any person claiming such compensation a right of access for the determination of his interest in the property and the amount of compensation to a court of law or tribunal or body having jurisdiction in that part of Nigeria

1. Nothing in subsection (1) of this section shall be construed as affecting any general law

• (a) for the imposition or enforcement of any tax, rate or duty;

• (b) for the imposition of penalties or forfeiture for breach of any law, whether under civil process or after conviction for an offence;

• (c) relating to leases, tenancies, mortgages, charges, bills of sale or any other rights or obligations arising out of contracts

• (d) relating to the vesting and administration of property of persons adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt or insolvent, of persons of unsound mind or deceased persons, and of corporate or unincorporate bodies in the course of being wound-up;

• (e) relating to the execution of judgements or orders of court;

• (f) providing for the taking of possession of property that is in a dangerous state or is injurious to the health of human beings, plants or animals;

• (g) relating to enemy property;

• (h) relating to trusts and trustees;

• (i) relating to limitation of actions;

• (j) relating to property vested in bodies corporate directly established by any law in force in Nigeria;

• (k) relating to the temporary taking of possession of property for the purpose of any examination, investigation or enquiry;

• (l) providing for the carrying out of work on land for the purpose of soil-conservation; or

• (m) subject to prompt payment of compensation for damage to buildings, economic trees or crops, providing for any authority or person to enter, survey or dig any land, or to lay, install or erect poles, cables, wires, pipes, or other conductors or structures on any land, in order to provide or maintain the supply or distribution of energy, fuel, water, sewage, telecommunication services or other public facilities or public utilities

1. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this section, the entire property in and control of all minerals, mineral oils and natural gas in under or upon any land in Nigeria or in, under or upon the territorial waters and the Exclusive Economic Zone of Nigeria shall vest in the Government of the Federation and shall be managed in such manner as may be prescribed by the National Assembly

Section 45

1. Nothing in sections 37, 38, 39, 40 and 41 of this Constitution shall invalidate any law that is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society

• (a) in the interest of defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public health; or

• (b) for the purpose of protecting the rights and freedom or other persons

1. An act of the National Assembly shall not be invalidated by reason only that it provides for the taking, during periods of emergency, of measures that derogate from the provisions of section 33 or 35 of this Constitution; but no such measures shall be taken in pursuance of any such act during any period of emergency save to the extent that those measures are reasonably justifiable for the purpose of dealing with the situation that exists during that period of emergency: Provided that nothing in this section shall authorise any derogation from the provisions of section 33 of this Constitution, except in respect of death resulting from acts of war or authorise any derogation from the provisions of section 36(8) of this Constitution

2. In this section, a "period of emergency" means any period during which there is in force a Proclamation of a state of emergency declared by the President in exercise of the powers conferred on him under section 305 of this Constitution

3. Nothing in sections 37, 38, 39, 40 and 41 of this Constitution shall invalidate any law that is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society

Section 46

1. Any person who alleges that any of the provisions of this Chapter has been, is being or likely to be contravened in any State in relation to him may apply to a High Court in that State for redress

2. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, a High Court shall have original jurisdiction to hear and determine any application made to it in pursuance of this section and may make such orders, issue such writs and give such directions as it may consider appropriate for the purpose of enforcement or securing the enforcing within that State of any right to which the person who makes the application may be entitled under this Chapter

3. The Chief Justice of Nigeria may make rules with respect to the practice and procedure of a High Court for the purposes of this section

4. The National Assembly -

• (a) may confer upon a High Court such powers in addition to those conferred by this section as may appear to the National Assembly to be necessary or desirable for the purpose of enabling the court more effectively to exercise the jurisdiction conferred upon it by this section; and

• (b) shall make provisions-

  • (i) for the rendering of financial assistance to any indigent citizen of Nigeria where his right under this Chapter has been infringed or with a view to enabling him to engage the services of a legal practitioner to prosecute his claim, and

  • (ii) for ensuring that allegations of infringement of such rights are substantial and the requirement or need for financial or legal aid is real.

Chapter III

Citizenship

Section 25

1. The following persons are citizens of Nigeria by birth-namely-

• (a) every person born in Nigeria before the date of independence, either of whose parents or any of whose grandparents belongs or belonged to a community indigenous to Nigeria; Provided that a person shall not become a citizen of Nigeria by virtue of this section if neither of his parents nor any of his grandparents was born in Nigeria

• (b) every person born in Nigeria after the date of independence either of whose parents or any of whose grandparents is a citizen of Nigeria; and

• (c) every person born outside Nigeria either of whose parents is a citizen of Nigeria

1. In this section, "the date of independence" means the 1st day of October 1960

Section 26

1. Subject to the provisions of section 28 of this Constitution, a person to whom the provisions of this section apply may be registered as a citizen of Nigeria, if the President is satisfied that -

• (a) he is a person of good character;

• (b) he has shown a clear intention of his desire to be domiciled in Nigeria; and

• (c) he has taken the Oath of Allegiance prescribed in the Seventh Schedule to this Constitution

1. the provisions of this section shall apply to-

• (a) any woman who is or has been married to a citizen of Nigeria; or

• (b) every person of full age and capacity born outside Nigeria any of whose grandparents is a citizen of Nigeria

Section 27

1. Subject to the provisions of section 28 of this Constitution, any person who is qualified in accordance with the provisions of this section may apply to the President for the same of a certificate of naturalisation

2. No person shall be qualified to apply for the grant of a certificate or naturalisation, unless he satisfies the President that -

• (a) he is a person of full age and capacity;

• (b) he is a person of good character;

• (c) he has shown a clear intention of his desire to be domiciled in Nigeria;

• (d) he is, in the opinion of the Governor of the State where he is or he proposes to be resident, acceptable to the local community in which he is to live permanently, and has been assimilated into the way of life of Nigerians in that part of the Federation;

• (e) he is a person who has made or is capable of making useful contribution to the advancement; progress and well-being of Nigeria;

• (f) he has taken the Oath of Allegiance prescribed in the Seventh Schedule to this Constitution; and (g) he has, immediately preceding the date of his application, either-

  (i) resided in Nigeria for a continuous period of fifteen years; or

  (ii) resided in Nigeria continuously for a period of twelve months, and during the period of twenty years immediately preceding that period of twelve months has resided in Nigeria for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than fifteen years

Section 28

1. Subject to the other provisions of this section, a person shall forfeit forthwith his Nigerian citizenship if, not being a citizen of Nigeria by birth, he acquires or retains the citizenship or nationality of a country, other than Nigeria, of which he is not a citizen by birth

2. Any registration of a person as a citizen of Nigeria or the grant of a certificate of naturalisation to a person who is a citizen of a country other than Nigeria at the time of such registration or grant shall, if he is not a citizen by birth of that other country, be conditional upon effective renunciation of the citizenship or nationality of that other country within a period of not more than five months from the date of such registration or grant

Section 29

1. Any citizen of Nigeria of full age who wishes to renounce his Nigerian citizenship shall make a declaration in the prescribed manner for the renunciation

2. The President shall cause the declaration made under subsection (1) of this section to be registered and upon such registration, the person who made the declaration shall cease to be a citizen of Nigeria

3. The President may withhold the registration of any declaration made under subsection (1) of this section if-

• (a) the declaration is made during any war in which Nigeria is physically involved; or

• (b) in his opinion, it is otherwise contrary to public policy

1. For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section

• (a) "full age" means the age of eighteen years and above;

• (b) any woman who is married shall be deemed to be of full age

Section 30

1. The President may deprive a person, other than a person who is a citizen of Nigeria by birth or by registration, of his citizenship, if he is satisfied that such a person has, within a period of seven years after becoming naturalised, been sentenced to imprisonment for a term of not less than three years

2. The President shall deprive a person, other than a person who is citizen of Nigeria by birth, of his citizenship, if he is satisfied from the records of proceedings of a court of law or other tribunal or after due inquiry in accordance with regulations made by him, that -

• (a) the person has shown himself by act or speech to be disloyal towards the Federal Republic of Nigeria; or

• (b) the person has, during any war in which Nigeria was engaged, unlawfully traded with the enemy or been engaged in or associated with any business that was in the opinion of the president carried on in such a manner as to assist the enemy of Nigeria in that war, or unlawfully communicated with such enemy to the detriment of or with intent to cause damage to the interest of Nigeria

Section 31

For the purposes of this Chapter, a parent or grandparent of a person shall be deemed to be a citizen of Nigeria if at the time of the birth of that person such parent or grandparent would have possessed that status by birth if he had been alive on the date of independence; and in this section, "the date of independence" has the meaning assigned to it in section 25 (2) of this Constitution

Section 32

1. The president may make regulations, not inconsistent with this Chapter, prescribing all matters which are required or permitted to be prescribed or which are necessary or convenient to be prescribed for carrying out or giving effect to the provisions of this Chapter, and for granting special immigrant status with full residential rights to non-Nigerian spouses of citizens of Nigeria who do not wish to acquire Nigerian citizenship

2. Any regulations made by the president pursuant to the provisions of this section shall be laid before the National Assembly.

Chapter II

Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy

Section 13

It shall be the duty and responsibility of all organs of government, and of all authorities and persons, exercising legislative, executive or judicial powers, to conform to, observe and apply the provisions of this Chapter of this Constitution

Section 14

1. The Federal Republic of Nigeria shall be a State based on the principles of democracy and social justice

2. It is hereby, accordingly, declared that:

• (a) sovereignty belongs to the people of Nigeria from whom government through this Constitution derives all its powers and authority;

• (b) the security and welfare of the people shall be the primary purpose of government: and

• (c) the participation by the people in their government shall be ensured in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution

1. The composition of the Government of the Federation or any of its agencies and the conduct of its affairs shall be carried out in such a manner as to reflect the federal character of Nigeria and the need to promote national unity, and also to command national loyalty, thereby ensuring that there shall be no predominance of persons from a few State or from a few ethnic or other sectional groups in that Government or in any of its agencies

2. The composition of the Government of a State, a local government council, or any of the agencies of such Government or council, and the conduct of the affairs of the Government or council or such agencies shall be carried out in such manner as to recognise the diversity of the people within its area of authority and the need to promote a sense of belonging and loyalty among all the people of the Federation

Section 15

1. The motto of the Federal Republic of Nigeria shall be Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress

2. Accordingly, national integration shall be actively encouraged, whilst discrimination on the grounds of place of origin, sex, religion, status, ethnic or linguistic association or ties shall be prohibited

3. For the purpose of promoting national integration, it shall be the duty of the State to:

• (a) provide adequate facilities for and encourage free mobility of people, goods and services throughtout the Federation

• (b) secure full residence rights for every citizen in all parts of the Federation

• (c) encourage inter-marriage among persons from different places of origin, or of different religious, ethnic or linguistic association or ties; and

• (d) promote or encourage the formation of associations that cut across ethnic, linguistic, religious and or other sectional barriers

1. The State shall foster a feeling of belonging and of involvement among the various people of the Federation, to the end that loyalty to the nation shall override sectional loyalties

2. The State shall abolish all corrupt practices and abuse of power

Section 16

1. The State shall, within the context of the ideals and objectives for which provisions are made in this Constitution

• (a) harness the resources of the nation and promote national prosperity and an efficient, a dynamic and self-reliant economy;

• (b) control the national economy in such manner as to secure the maximum welfare, freedom and happiness of every citizen on the basis of social justice and equality of status and opportunity;

• (c) without prejudice to its right to operate or participate in areas of the economy, other than the major sectors of the economy, manage and operate the major sectors of the economy;

• (d) without prejudice to the right of any person to participate in areas of the economy within the major sector of the economy, protect the right of every citizen to engage in any economic activities outside the major sectors of the economy

1. The State shall direct its policy towards ensuring:

• (a) the promotion of a planned and balanced economic development;

• (b) that the material resources of the nation are harnessed and distributed as best as possible to serve the common good;

• (c) that the economic system is not operated in such a manner as to permit the concentration of wealth or the means of production and exchange in the hands of few individuals or of a group; and

• (d) that suitable and adequate shelter, suitable and adequate food, reasonable national minimum living wage, old age care and pensions, and unemployment, sick benefits and welfare of the disabled are provided for all citizens

1. A body shall be set up by an Act of the National Assembly which shall have power;

• (a) to review, from time to time, the ownership and control of business enterprises operating in Nigeria and make recommendations to the President on same; and

• (b) to administer any law for the regulation of the ownership and control of such enterprises

1. For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section -

• (a) the reference to the "major sectors of the economy" shall be construed as a reference to such economic activities as may, from time to time, be declared by a resolution of each House of the National Assembly to be managed and operated exclusively by the Government of the Federation, and until a resolution to the contrary is made by the National Assembly, economic activities being operated exclusively by the Government of the Federation on the date immediately preceding the day when this section comes into force, whether directly or through the agencies of a statutory or other corporation or company, shall be deemed to be major sectors of the economy;

• (b) "economic activities" includes activities directly concerned with the production, distribution and exchange of weather or of goods and services; and

• (c) "participate" includes the rendering of services and supplying of goods

Section 17

1. The State social order is founded on ideals of Freedom, Equality and Justice

2. In furtherance of the social order-

• (a) every citizen shall have equality of rights, obligations and opportunities before the law;

• (b) the sanctity of the human person shall be recognised and human dignity shall be maintained and enhanced;

• (c) governmental actions shall be humane;

• (d) exploitation of human or natural resources in any form whatsoever for reasons, other than the good of the community, shall be prevented; and

• (e) the independence, impartiality and integrity of courts of law, and easy accessibility thereto shall be secured and maintained

1. The State shall direct its policy towards ensuring that-

• (a) all citizens, without discrimination on any group whatsoever, have the opportunity for securing adequate means of livelihood as well as adequate opportunity to secure suitable employment;

• (b) conditions of work are just and humane, and that there are adequate facilities for leisure and for social, religious and cultural life;

• (c) the health, safety and welfare of all persons in employment are safeguarded and not endangered or abused;

• (d) there are adequate medical and health facilities for all persons:

• (e) there is equal pay for equal work without discrimination on account of sex, or on any other ground whatsoever;

• (f) children, young persons and the age are protected against any exploitation whatsoever, and against moral and material neglect;

• (g) provision is made for public assistance in deserving cases or other conditions of need; and

• (h) the evolution and promotion of family life is encouraged

Section 18

1. Government shall direct its policy towards ensuring that there are equal and adequate educational opportunities at all levels

2. Government shall promote science and technology

3. Government shall strive to eradicate illiteracy; and to this end Government shall as and when practicable provide

• (a) free, compulsory and universal primary education;

• (b) free secondary education;

• (c) free university education; and

• (d) free adult literacy programme

Section 19

The foreign policy objectives shall be -

• (a) promotion and protection of the national interest;

• (b) promotion of African integration and support for African unity;

• (c) promotion of international co-operation for the consolidation of universal peace and mutual respect among all nations and elimination of discrimination in all its manifestations;

• (d) respect for international law and treaty obligations as well as the seeking of settlement of international disputes by negotiation, mediation, conciliation, arbitration and adjudication; and (e) promotion of a just world economic order

Section 20

The State shall protect and improve the environment and safeguard the water, air and land, forest and wild life of Nigeria

Section 21

The State shall -

• (a) protect, preserve and promote the Nigerian cultures which enhance human dignity and are consistent with the fundamental objectives as provided in this Chapter; and

• (b) encourage development of technological and scientific studies which enhance cultural values

Section 22

The press, radio, television and other agencies of the mass media shall at all times be free to uphold the fundamental objectives contained in this Chapter and uphold the responsibility and accountability of the Government to the people

Section 23

The national ethics shall be Discipline, Integrity, Dignity of Labour, Social, Justice, Religious Tolerance, Self-reliance and Patriotism

Section 24

It shall be the duty of every citizen to -

• (a) abide by this Constitution, respect its ideals and its institutions, the National Flag, the National Anthem, the National Pledge, and legitimate authorities;

• (b) help to enhance the power, prestige and good name of Nigeria, defend Nigeria and render such national service as may be required;

• (c) respect the dignity of other citizens and the rights and legitimate interests of others and live in unity and harmony and in the spirit of common brotherhood;

• (d) make positive and useful contribution to the advancement, progress and well-being of the community where he resides;

• (e) render assistance to appropriate and lawful agencies in the maintenance of law and order; and

• (f) declare his income honestly to appropriate and lawful agencies and pay his tax promptly.