Nigeria's Central Bank (CBN) has halted the sale of foreign exchange (FX) to Bureau De Change (BDC) administrators in the country. The registration of new foreign exchange institutions has additionally been halted according to Governor Godwin Emefiele during a monetary policy meeting in Abuja.

This decision has been met with debate and controversy between economists, monetary policy experts, and other Nigerians on social media.

For what reason is Nigeria ending the sale of forex? 

BDCs initially were set up to get a weekly supply of FX from the CBN for forward deal to retail end-clients, that is, individuals who required $5,000 dollars or less. 

It was noted by the MPC that the foreign exchange vendors had started illegally trading millions of dollars in exchange per transaction. 

According to Emefiele,  the CBN gets around 5,000 new monthly applications for Bureau De Change registration as they keep making enormous benefits to the detriment of the average Nigerian, who experienced the "dollarisation" of the Nigerian economy as a result of BDCs.  

The Central Bank of Nigeria likewise accused BDC administrators of illegal activity such as money laundering. 

“They have turned themselves away from their objectives,” Emefiele said. “They are now agents that facilitate graft and corruption in the country. We cannot continue with the bad practices that are happening at the BDC market.”

The CBN will henceforth channel weekly allocations of dollar sales to commercial banks to meet legitimate FX demands. The banks will be monitored to provide forex for the legitimate use of Nigerians.

“We will deal ruthlessly with Nigerian banks that deal with illegal BDCs and we will report foreign organisations patronising them,” Emefiele said, adding that they are mandated to sell forex to every customer.

Evaluating the expected effect; Good or terrible move? 

Some have applauded the CBN for finishing the careless sale of foreign money to BDC administrators, ending their rule over the economy.

Nonetheless, there are worries that huge number of Nigerians working at the 3,000+ BDC administrators in the nation will be tossed into the all around enormous joblessness pool because of the boycott. 

“It’s not a bad decision in itself but it’s bad for the times we are in,” said Kelechi Opara, an economist and Market Insights Officer at MMS Nigeria. “This isn’t the time to close businesses. We are talking about unemployment and more people are about to be thrown into the same labour market.”

Opara added that instead of an outright ban, the CBN could “go the extra mile” to properly profile and monitor every BDC operator they license, to ensure a working system void of corruption.

“Even with the move, there’s no assurance that commercial banks will not become a supply chain in the BDCs market. The CBN should assume fulfill its regulatory role and create an enabling environment for legal businesses to thrive.”

As commercial banks settle to adjust to the CBN directive, the ban is likely to put more pressure on the Nigerian naira in the parallel/black market – where forex is traded unofficially – in the immediate term.

Due to the low inflow of U.S. dollars into the Nigerian economy, banks struggle to give foreign currency to their customers on demand. 

Although the situation should improve with the CBN channelling its weekly allocation to lenders, doubts exist over their capacity to replace BDCs in serving the huge demand for forex in Nigeria’s import-dependent economy. 

“Getting dollars could become even more difficult than what we have now,” Opara said, noting that this is likely to push more companies and business people actively in need of dollars to the black market, further adding pressure on the naira.

Following the CBN’s announcement, the local unit fell by ₦1.00 or 0.20% to close at ₦505 per $1 on Tuesday, from ₦504 on Monday. This is according to data recorded on abokiFX.com, a website that collates the parallel market rates in Lagos.

Over the long term, the central bank’s effectiveness in disbursing foreign currency to retail users through the banks – if the new system is sustained – will dictate how the exchange rate at the parallel market will vary from the official rate of ₦410/$1.

For freelancers, remote workers, and remittance recipients that get foreign currencies through banks, the increased quantity of FX in the hands of lenders bodes well for their demands, except for the high fees banks charge on remittances. 

“If banks will be the sole seller of forex to the retail users, then the CBN has to do something about their high remittance charges so as to avoid people rushing to the black market,” Opara added.